"Computer Assisted Language Learning: an Introduction by Mark Warschauer in his paper"

     Mark Warschauer in his paper defined technological determinism as the idea that the introduction of new technology will brings certain results. It is a doctrine that a society's technology determines its cultural values, social structure, or history. This paper focuses on the change on learning language. Technology now is fundamental to life all people around the word use it which i think it plays an important role in teaching and learning.  In the paper Mark Warschauer lists ten developments in Information and Communication Technology. First, the change from phone-based to wireless communication. Second, from dial-up Internet connections to permanent.  Third, from the use of personal computers to the use of portable computing and online devices. Fourth, from narrowband to broadband. Fifth, from expensive personal computing systems to widely affordable computers in the developed countries and then in the developing countries. As result of this the Internet becomes a mass form of communication accessible to most of the planet. Seventh, change from text-based information and communication to audiovisual forms of information and communication. Eighth, from use of English as the main online language to multilingual Internet use.  Ninth, from non-native to native users of information technology. Tenth, the movement of CALL from the language laboratory to the Classroom. Warschauer also mention the expected effect of these developments on teaching English. The developments of ICT have an effect on the changed context of English use. Because of there are a lot of people throughout the world use English to communicate globally, access international media and commerce. The emergence of new literacies is another result of ICT developments. Because there is a great difference between readings a book in the library and Online, Online readers must constantly determine whether what is written in page is true or not. So, critical literacy is important, all literacy will necessitate critical judgment. Also, new genres will be occur as illustrated by a situation that occurred in an ESL writing course. In addition, online communications is contributing to new identities through the communication with other people and develop a wide range of literacies and identities which help to develop self-confidence and improve language. These changes will introduce and develop the new pedagogies. There has been a general transformation in CALL over the years; this development can be categorized in terms of three phases. Mark Warschauer in paper explains the stages of CALL. First, structural CALL (1970s-1980s) is an approach that followed the teaching techniques of structural linguistics. Programs of this phase entailed as drill and practice. Second, communicative CALL (1980s-1990s) is an approach that followed cognitive view of language learning. Communicative exercises performed as a way of practicing English. Third, integrative CALL (21st Century) based on a socio-cognitive view of language learning. Apprenticing into new discourse communities is involved to learn a second or foreign language.

     Technology now is part of our live. People in Saudi Arabia know how to use technology perfectly. But the problem is they do not use technology in education. Saudi Arabia has witnessed the same ten developments in ICT. The use of technology for learning and teaching the language is limited in Saudi Arabia. I think that the ministry of education should work on introducing CALL in schools classrooms since computers play significant role in the learning process. The use of CALL in my opinion will increase the student motivation to learn language because it is link their interest in technology and learning.